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We have in LO.7 Biology G10
First: the Concepts
STEM cells types according to differentiation
a. Totipotent
b. Pluripotent
c. Multipoint
Types of STEM cells according to its presence
a. Embryonic
b. Adults (somatic)
Layers of embryo
a. Ectoderm
b. Endoderm
c. Mesoderm
STEM cells as a treatment
a. Treatment for leukemia
b. Umbilical cord blood STEM cells therapy
c. Bone marrow transplant
New researches treatment for diabetes
The STEM cells debate
Second: the References
Unit 4 Genetics - Act 17 Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression (Teacher: SEPUP 572: 581 Students: SEPUP
(376 : 381) Parts A & B only
LO.7: Search
Third: the Videos links
Fourth: Skills
Distinguish scientific questions from ethical questions
Investigate through modelling and developing explanations
Fifth: the materials as PPT., DOCX., and PDF
In the Drive from this link
Few Notes:
A stem cell is a relatively unspecialized cell that can both reproduce itself indefinitely and, under appropriate conditions, differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types.
Many early animal embryos contain stem cells capable of giving rise to differentiated embryonic cells of any type. Stem cells can be isolated from early embryos at a stage called the blastula stage or its human equivalent, the blastocyst stage
Totipotent cells :can form all the cell types in a body, plus the extraembryonic, or placental, cells. Embryonic cells within the first couple of cell divisions after fertilization are the only cells that are totipotent.
Pluripotent cells: can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body; embryonic stem cells are considered pluripotent.
unipotent stem cell: refers to a cell that can differentiate along only one lineage.
embryonic stem (ES) cells reproduce indefinitely; and depending on culture conditions, they can be made to differentiate into a wide variety of specialized cells, including even eggs and sperm.
The adult body also has stem cells, which serve to replace nonreproducing specialized cells.
In contrast to ES cells, adult stem cells also called somatic are not able to give rise to all cell types in the organism, though they can generate multiple types. For example, one of the several types of stem cells in bone marrow can generate all the different kinds of blood cells and another can differentiate into bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, and the linings of blood vessels.
the adult brain has been found to contain stem cells that continue to produce certain kinds of nerve cells there.
Both radial glia and astrocytes can act as stem cells, generating new neurons and glia. Researchers view these multipotent precursors as a potential means for replacing neurons and glia that are lost to injury or disease.
And recently, researchers have reported finding stem cells in skin, hair, eyes, and dental pulp.
Adult animals have only tiny numbers of stem cells, cultured stem cells from adult animals have been made to differentiate into multiple types of specialized cells, although none are as versatile as ES cells.
supply cells for the repair of damaged or diseased organs: for example,
insulin producing pancreatic cells for people with type 1 diabetes or
certain kinds of brain cells for people with Parkinson’s disease or Huntington’s disease.
Adult stem cells from bone marrow have long been used as a source of immune system cells in patients whose own immune systems are nonfunctional because of genetic disorders or radiation treatments for cancer.
The developmental potential of adult stem cells is limited to certain tissues. ES cells hold more promise than adult stem cells for most medical applications because ES cells are pluripotent, capable of differentiating into many different cell types.
ES cells are currently obtained from embryos donated by 1- patients undergoing infertility treatment or 2- from long-term cell cultures originally established with cells isolated from donated embryos.
If scientists were able to clone human embryos to the blastocyst stage, they might be able to use such clones as the source of ES cells in the future. Furthermore, with a donor nucleus from a person with a particular disease, they might be able to produce ES cells for treatment that match the patient and are thus not rejected by his or her immune system. When the main aim of cloning is to produce ES cells to treat disease, the process is called therapeutic cloning.
labs using mouse skin cells and then by additional groups using cells from human skin and other organs or tissues. In all these cases, researchers
transformed the differentiated cells into ES cells by using retroviruses, any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate, to introduce extra cloned copies of four “stem cell” master regulatory genes.
All the tests that were carried out at the time indicated that the transformed cells, known as induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, could do everything ES cells can do.
More recently, however, several research groups have uncovered differences between iPS and ES cells in gene expression and other cellular functions, such as cell division. At least until these differences are fully understood, the study of ES cells will continue to make important contributions to the development of stem cell therapies.
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