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-Nucleus : center of the atom containing protons and neutrons.
How are the protons and neutrons held together?
-Strong Force : an attractive force that holds protons and neutrons together
The protons and neutrons must be close together for this force to keep them together
As the nucleus increases in size, the strong force diminishes, and the electrical force (force between charges) becomes more powerful
Radioactivity :
process of nuclear (nucleus) decay
-Stability of Nuclei
Larger nuclei are less stable – all nuclei that contain more than 83 protons are radioactive
The ratio of neutrons to protons also determines if an element is radioactive
(Nuclei with too many or too few neutrons compared to protons are usually unstable, and thus, radioactive)
Nuclear Radiation :
when an unstable nucleus decays, particles and energy are emitted (given off)
(3) types of Nuclear Radiation
-Alpha Particles
-Beta Particles
-Gamma Rays
Alpha Particles
-Alpha Particles : made of 2 protons and 2 neutrons
-Also known as a helium-4 nucleus with a charge of 2+ (no electrons)
As the alpha particle leaves the atom, it passes through other matter and takes electrons, leaving behind ions. This process causes it to lose much of its energy
-An atomic mass unit of 4
-can be stopped with a sheet of paper or clothing
-Symbol
4
He
2
Alpha particles:
They are particles made up of two protons and two neutrons, which is exactly the same as a nucleus of a helium atom, so we normally represent alpha particles with helium's nuclear symbol H E. importantly though alpha particles don't have any electrons so they have an overall charge of two plus from those two positive protons because they are relatively large alpha particles are easily stopped by collisions with other molecules which means that they can't penetrate very far into other materials. In fact, they can only travel a few centimeters in here and absorbed by a single sheet of paper. However, their large size and a strong charge does make them very strongly ionizing which just means they can easily knock electrons off any atoms that they collide with.
Mass = 4
Charge = 2
Beta Particles
a neutron decays into a proton and emits an electron in the process
-the beta particle has a negative charge
-Smallest of the radiation particles – has an atomic mass unit of 0.0005
-Much faster and more penetrating than alpha particles
-Can be stopped by a sheet of aluminum foil or wood
-Symbol
0
e
-1
Beta particles:
They are just electrons, so they have a charge of minus one and
virtually no mass. Now the weird thing is that electrons aren’t emitted from one of the atoms shells, instead one of the atoms neutrons decays into a proton and an electron the proton stays in the nucleus, but the electron is emitted out at high speed because beta particles are pretty tiny, they’re moderately ionizing, and they penetrate moderately far into materials for example it would take several meters of air or about five millimeters of aluminum to stop them.
Mass = 0
Charge = -1
Gamma Rays
electromagnetic wave
-usually emitted from a nucleus when an alpha decay or beta decay occurs
-gamma rays have no mass or charge and travel at the speed of light
-Deepest penetrating of radiation, but is not as damaging to living tissue as alpha and beta
-Requires dense, thick materials such as concrete blocks or lead to stop
Gamma rays:
Gamma rays aren't particles at all they're actually waves of electromagnetic radiation light
lighters and they're often emitted after alpha or beta radiation as aware of the nucleus getting rid of a bit of extra energy and they don't have any mass or charge they tend to pass it straight through materials rather than colliding with any of the atoms which makes them only weakly ionizing this means they can penetrate really far into materials before being stopped so you can travel long distances to err and it takes thick sheets of lead or more four meters of concrete to stop them.
Mass = 0
Charge = 0
Unstable Atoms
An atom can be considered unstable in one of two ways :
-if it picks up or loses an electron, It becomes electrically charged and highly reactive.
-Instability can also occur in the nucleus when the number of protons and neutrons is unbalanced.
What is a stable atom?
An atom consists of a nucleus of heavy positively charged particles, called protons, and electrically neutral ones called neutrons. Orbiting the nucleus is could of lighter, negatively charged electrons
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