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We have in LO.2 Chemistry G10
First: the Concepts
Atoms.
Atomic Structure.
Isotopes.
Isobar.
Isotones.
Alpha.
Beta.
Gamma.
Second: the References
Zumdahl: ch.2 sec.3,4
Third: the Videos links
Fourth: Skills
Explore
Measure .
Measure and filter .
Compare data .
Test theory .
Apply concept to data.
Determine behavior of cathode ray
Develop historical story of the discovery of current atomic theory
Fifth: the materials as PPT., DOCX., and PDF
In the Drive from this link
Few Notes:
What are atoms?
the smallest, representative part of an element.
-Atoms are the basic building units of matter that make up everyday objects. A desk, the air, even you are made up of atoms!
-There are 92 naturally occurring kinds of atoms. Scientists in labs have been able to make about 25 more.
Atomic Structure
Isotopes Isobars Isotone
-Alpha particles:
They are particles made up of two protons and two neutrons, which is exactly the same as a nucleus of a helium atom, so we normally represent alpha particles with helium's nuclear symbol H E. importantly though alpha particles don't have any electrons so they have an overall charge of two plus from those two positive protons because they are relatively large alpha particles are easily stopped by collisions with other molecules which means that they can't penetrate very far into other materials. In fact, they can only travel a few centimeters in here and absorbed by a single sheet of paper. However, their large size and a strong charge does make them very strongly ionizing which just means they can easily knock electrons off any atoms that they collide with.
Mass = 4
Charge = 2
-Beta particles:
They are just electrons so they have a charge of minus one and
virtually no mass. Now the weird thing is that electrons aren’t emitted from one of the atoms shells, instead one of the atoms neutrons decays into a proton and an electron the proton stays in the nucleus but the electron is emitted out at high speed because beta particles are pretty tiny they’re moderately ionizing and they penetrate moderately far into materials for example it would take several meters of air or about five millimeters of aluminum to stop them.
Mass = 0
Charge = -1
Gamma rays:
Gamma rays aren't particles at all they're actually waves of electromagnetic radiation light
lighters and they're often emitted after alpha or beta radiation as aware of the nucleus getting rid of a bit of extra energy and they don't have any mass or charge they tend to pass it straight through materials rather than colliding with any of the atoms which makes them only weakly ionizing this means they can penetrate really far into materials before being stopped so you can travel long distances to err and it takes thick sheets of lead or more four meters of concrete to stop them.
Mass = 0
Charge = 0
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