This site is instructive and gives new STEM understudies the materials for subjects they will require in the school year.
There are on the whole scientific and literary material. There are for the most part books, references, questions, and many documents such as PPT., DOCX., and PDF., which additionally contain clarifications.
Aufbau Principle: Electrons are added one at a time to the lowest energy orbitals available until all the electrons of the atom have been accounted for.
Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons.
To occupy the same orbital, two electrons must spin in opposite directions.
Hund’s Rule: Electrons occupy equal-energy orbitals so that a maximum number of unpaired electrons results.
Emission:
Is a process by which the electron returns from a high energy level to low energy level causing an emission of light.
Absorption:
is a process by which the electron go from a low energy level to high energy level causing absorbing of energy
Flame tests
-Flame tests are used to identify the presence of a relatively small number of metal ions in a compound. Not all metal ions give flame colors.
-To carry out a flame test Clean a platinum or nichrome wire by dipping it into concentrated hydrochloric acid and then holding it in a hot Bunsen flame. Repeat this until the wire doesn't produce any color in the flame. When the wire is clean, moisten it again with some of the acid and then dip it into a small amount of the solid you are testing so that some sticks to the wire. Place the wire back in the flame again.
Excited State
The electrons that are found in the outermost occupied orbitals of an atom, known as valence electrons, do not always remain in the same energy level, as they are able to absorb energy from heat or light. When a valence electron absorbs energy, it enters what is known as an excited state. The excited state can commonly take the form of the electron jumping from its original energy level or orbital, also known as the ground state, to a an empty orbital of a higher energy shell that is further away from the nucleus. The excited electron does not stay in the excited state permanently, however, and eventually falls back to the ground state. When the electron falls from the excited state, it loses energy in the form of light, a process called emission.
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