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We have in LO.1 Biology G10
First: the Concepts
HIV/AIDS: Virus and cell organelles:
the relationship between cell protein and viral protein
Receptor proteins and enzymes
Protein manufacture of virus utilizing cell organelles.
HIV virus mechanism of infection and replication.
HIV as a case study (from SEPUP)
a. disease symptoms
Second: the References
Unit 3 - Act.16 HIV/AIDS Infection and Cell Organelles (Teacher: SEPUP 381-388; Student: SEPUP 244-249)
Campbell: chapter 19.1 , 19.2
Modern: chapter 24
Third: the Videos links
Fourth: Skills
Explain and interpret data
Design and prepare a simulation
Fifth: the materials as PPT., DOCX., and PDF
In the Drive from this link
Few Notes:
What is HIV?
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects cells of the immune system, destroying or impairing their function. Infection with the virus results in progressive deterioration of the immune system, leading to "immune deficiency." The immune system is considered deficient when it can no longer fulfil its role of fighting infection and disease. Infections associated with severe immunodeficiency are known as "opportunistic infections", because they take advantage of a weakened immune system.
What is AIDS?
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a term which applies to the most advanced stages of HIV infection. It is defined by the occurrence of any of more than 20 opportunistic infections or HIV-related cancers.
How is HIV transmitted?
HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse (vaginal or anal), and oral sex with an infected person; transfusion of contaminated blood; and the sharing of contaminated needles, syringes or other sharp instruments. It may also be transmitted between a mother and her infant during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding.
How many people are living with HIV?
According to estimates by WHO and UNAIDS, 36.9 million people were living with HIV globally at the end of 2014. That same year, some 2 million people became newly infected, and 1.2 million died of HIV-related causes. 37 million people living with HIV should start antiretroviral treatment as soon as they are diagnosed. 54% people with HIV are aware of their infection. 16 million Almost 16 million people were receiving antiretroviral therapy in 2015
How quickly does a person infected with HIV develop AIDS?
The length of time can vary widely between individuals. Left without treatment, the majority of people infected with HIV will develop signs of HIV- related illness within 5–10 years, although this can be shorter. The time between acquiring HIV and an AIDS diagnosis is usually between 10–15 years, but sometimes longer. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can slow the disease progression by preventing the virus replicating and therefore decreasing the amount of virus in an infected person’s blood (known as the ‘viral load’).
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) targets the immune system and weakens people's defense systems against infections and some types of cancer. As the virus destroys and impairs the function of immune cells, infected individuals gradually become immunodeficient. Immune function is typically measured by CD4 cell count. Immunodeficiency results in increased susceptibility to a wide range of infections and diseases that people with healthy immune systems can fight off.
The most advanced stage of HIV infection is Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which can take from 2 to 15 years to develop depending on the individual. AIDS is defined by the development of certain cancers, infections, or other severe clinical manifestations.
Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of HIV vary depending on the stage of infection. Though people living with HIV tend to be most infectious in the first few months, many are unaware of their status until later stages. The first few weeks after initial infection, individuals may experience no symptoms or an influenza-like illness including fever, headache, rash or sore throat. As the infection progressively weakens the immune system, an individual can develop other signs and symptoms, such as swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, diarrhea and cough. Without treatment, they could also develop severe illnesses such as tuberculosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and cancers such as lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma, among others.
Transmission
HIV can be transmitted via the exchange of a variety of body fluids from infected individuals, such as blood, breast milk, semen and vaginal secretions. Individuals cannot become infected through ordinary day-to-day contact such as kissing, hugging, shaking hands, or sharing personal objects, food or water. HIV is transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse (anal or vaginal), transfusion of contaminated blood, sharing of contaminated needles, and between a mother and her infant during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding.
Prevention
Individuals can reduce the risk of HIV infection by limiting exposure to risk factors. Key approaches for HIV prevention, which are often used in combination, include:
1. Male and female condom use
2. Testing and counselling for HIV and STIs
3. Voluntary medical male circumcision
4. Antiretroviral (ART) use for prevention
5. Harm reduction for injecting drug users
6. Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (EMTCT)
Treatment
HIV can be suppressed by combination ART consisting of 3 or more ARV drugs. ART does not cure HIV infection but controls viral replication within a person's body and allows an individual's immune system to strengthen and regain the capacity to fight off infections. In 2015, WHO released a new "Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV.” The guidelines recommend that anyone infected with HIV should begin antiretroviral treatment as soon after
diagnosis as possible.
By mid-2015, 15.8 million people living with HIV were receiving ART globally. By end of 2014, 40% [37–45%] of all people living with HIV were on ART. Based on WHO’s new recommendations, to treat all people living with HIV and offer antiretrovirals as an additional prevention choice for people at
"substantial" risk, the number of people eligible for antiretroviral treatment increases from 28 million to all 37 million people. Expanding access to treatment is at the heart of a new set of targets for 2020 which aim to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030.
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