Grade 10 - Geology - LO.2 - Minerals

  

We have in LO.2 Geology G10

First: the Concepts

A. Minerals are homogeneous solid earth materials.

B. Minerals have distinct physical properties that enable them to be distinguished from one another.

C. For most common minerals, the most useful properties for hand sample identification include

hardness, cleavage or fracture patterns, translucency, and color.

D. Metallic minerals are uncommon, but economically important.

E. For metallic minerals, the additional properties of streak and magnetism are useful for hand

sample identification.

F. Completely unambiguous identification of minerals often requires sophisticated laboratory

Second: the References

Earth comm: Ch.3 sec.1

Third: the Videos links

Fourth: Skills

A) Identify and differentiate quartz, calcite, feldspar, mica, amphibole, pyroxene, olivine and clay in

a variety of rock types.

B) Identify and differentiate magnetite, pyrite, hematite, chalcopyrite, and native copper and sulfur in

laboratory specimens.

Fifth: the materials as PPT., DOCX., and PDF

In the Drive from this link

Few Notes:

Minerals in history: 

•Early humans used red hematite and black manganese oxide to make cave paintings 

•In the Stone Age people made tools out of hard, fine-grained rocks 

•In the Bronze Age, people discovered how to combine copper and tin from minerals into a metallic mixture (alloy) called Bronze

In the Iron Age, people made tools of iron. 

Hematite Fe2O3 :

Most important ore of iron 

One of the most abundant minerals on Earth's surface and in the shallow crust.

What are the five criteria for a substance to be a mineral ?

-To be considered a mineral, a material must meet five criteria:

-Minerals are solid, not gas or liquid. 

-Minerals are inorganic. That means they are not alive and never have been.

-Minerals have definite chemical compositions. These can be expressed as chemical formulas, such as SiO2 (Quartz)

-Minerals have a regular three-dimensional arrangement of atoms. This is called a crystal structure.

-Minerals occur naturally. They are not manufactured. 

Native-Element Minerals:

They are minerals that consist of only one element. 

[Ex. Gold (Au), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Silver (Ag)]

However, most minerals consist of different element. 

[Ex. Quartz (SiO2) made of silicon and oxygen]

Rocks:

Definition: Naturally occurring collections or aggregates of mineral grains.

-Consist of one Mineral

-Consist of different Minerals 

Minerals grains

Sometimes they are large and can be seen easily (ex. Crystals of granite)

ORES:

Definition: Rocks that contain valuable minerals.

Methods of mining:

-Surface mining (mineral is near the Earth’s crust)

-Underground mining (Minerals are deep down in the ground)

Steps of Mining:

-Finding deposits.

-Mine to find the ore.

-Separate the valuable mineral from the ore (by: crushing, sieving, melting, or settling through a liquid).

Importance:

-Most metals and many important nonmetals are refined from ores.

-ATOMS: the smallest unit of a chemical element that has all of the  element’s properties.

-Ion: atoms that have an electric charge. This charge is due to electrons being added to or removed from the atom. 

-Electrons: particles that orbit around the nucleus of the atom. They have a negative charge 

•How are minerals held together as a solid?

Objects with unlike electric charges are attracted to each other, so positively charged ions are attracted to negatively charged ions. That’s why ions are as close together as possible giving the mineral its solid shape. 

Identifying Minerals:

We can identify minerals by many ways:

-Hardness 

-Luster

-Streak

-Color

Other properties:

- Magnitude & Cleavage

The atoms in a mineral affect the color, shape, hardness, and other properties. 

We can also identify minerals by other tests but they require expensive equipment:

-Specific gravity

-Crystal shape

-Electrical conductivity

-Reaction to acid 

 

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